Apush 3.11 3.12 identity and movement frq

Sample answer: (a) Before the Revolution, colonists were subjects of a king and governors appointed by the Crown. Afterward, states wrote constitutions that created elected legislatures with most of the power and included bills of rights, and some states, like Pennsylvania, lowered property requirements so more white men could vote. (b) Before the Revolution, many colonies had an official established church supported by taxes. After it, states disestablished their churches, as in the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786), and the First Amendment kept Congress from setting up a national church. (c) Before the Revolution, women's roles were limited to the household with little expectation of education. After it, the idea of republican motherhood said mothers had to raise virtuous sons for the republic, which led to more female academies and education for girls, though women still could not vote in most states.

Sample answer: (a) Republican motherhood was the idea that a republic depended on virtuous citizens, and mothers were responsible for teaching their sons that virtue. Women's work in the home was given political importance. (b) Because mothers needed to be educated to teach their children, more female academies opened after the Revolution, and writers such as Judith Sargent Murray argued in "On the Equality of the Sexes" (1790) that women had the same minds as men. (c) Women still lived under coverture, so a married woman's property and legal identity belonged to her husband. Abigail Adams asked her husband to "remember the ladies," but women still could not vote in nearly every state.

Sample answer: (a) Adams wrote in March 1776, as fighting with Britain had begun and the Continental Congress, where her husband John Adams served, was moving toward independence. She expected the new nation to write a "new code of laws" and asked that it treat women better than English law had. (b) During the war many women ran farms and shops while men served in the army, and groups like the Daughters of Liberty boycotted British goods. After the war, republican motherhood led to more schooling for girls. (c) The new state laws kept coverture, so married women could not own property or sign contracts on their own, and women could not vote anywhere except New Jersey, which took that right away in 1807.

Sample answer: (a) Slavery continued. Even though the Declaration said all men are created equal, slavery remained legal and central to the southern economy in 1800, and the Constitution protected it with the three-fifths clause and the fugitive slave clause. (b) Americans developed a separate national culture. Noah Webster wrote American spelling books and pushed American spelling, and painters like Gilbert Stuart and John Trumbull painted Washington and Revolutionary scenes that celebrated the new nation. (c) The change came from independence and revolutionary ideals. Once the colonies broke from Britain, leaders wanted citizens to feel loyal to the United States instead of to their state or to Britain, so they used education, art, and literature to build a shared republican identity.

Sample answer: (a) The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, written by Thomas Jefferson and passed with James Madison's help in 1786, ended the Anglican Church's position as Virginia's official church. Virginians no longer paid taxes to support it, and no one could be punished for their religious beliefs. (b) Revolutionary leaders believed in natural rights and liberty. They argued that freedom of conscience was a natural right, so forcing people to pay for a church they did not belong to was a form of tyranny, much like taxation without representation. (c) The First Amendment, ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights, says Congress cannot establish a national religion or prevent the free exercise of religion.