Apush 3.10 4.2 test review frq

Sample answer: (a) Hamilton's financial plan divided leaders. Hamilton wanted the federal government to assume state debts and charter a Bank of the United States (1791), using a loose reading of the necessary and proper clause. Jefferson and Madison argued the bank was unconstitutional and favored northern merchants and creditors, so their supporters organized as the Democratic-Republicans while Hamilton's backers became the Federalists. (b) The French Revolution and the war between Britain and France (1793) split Americans over foreign policy. Federalists favored Britain, the main trading partner, and backed Jay's Treaty (1794), while Democratic-Republicans sympathized with republican France and denounced the treaty as a sellout to Britain. (c) The Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), passed by Federalists during the Quasi-War with France, made it a crime to criticize the government. Jefferson and Madison answered with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which hardened the split into two organized parties competing in the election of 1800.

Sample answer: (a) Jay's Treaty was negotiated with Britain by John Jay. The British agreed to withdraw from the forts they still held in the Northwest Territory, and trade between the two countries continued. It was important because it kept the U.S. out of a war with Britain that the young nation could not afford. (b) Pinckney's Treaty (Treaty of San Lorenzo) was signed with Spain, which feared an Anglo-American alliance after Jay's Treaty. Spain granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right of deposit at New Orleans, and set the Florida boundary at the 31st parallel. This let western settlers get their crops to market, so it was very popular. (c) Jay's Treaty did not stop British impressment of American sailors or seizure of ships, so Democratic-Republicans called it a surrender to Britain and an insult to France. The fight over ratifying it in 1795 pushed leaders into clearly opposing pro-British Federalist and pro-French Democratic-Republican camps.

Sample answer: The relationship changed in form but not in its outcome. After independence the U.S. government, not Britain, controlled Indian policy, and it treated tribes as nations to be dealt with by treaty, which created an ambiguous legal relationship. However, white settlers kept moving west of the Appalachians onto Native land, just as they had before 1776. The Western Confederacy, led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket and supplied with British weapons, defeated U.S. armies in 1790 and 1791, but General Anthony Wayne won the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. In the Treaty of Greenville (1795) the tribes gave up most of present-day Ohio. So the methods changed, but the pattern of Native land loss continued.

Sample answer: (a) Washington chose not to run for a third term in 1796. This showed that power in the republic would pass peacefully and that the president was not a king, a precedent followed until FDR. (b) Washington created a cabinet with the Secretaries of State (Jefferson), Treasury (Hamilton), and War, plus the Attorney General. The Constitution did not require it, but it gave the president expert advice and organized the executive branch. (c) The Judiciary Act of 1789 set the number of Supreme Court justices and created the federal district and circuit courts, so federal law could actually be enforced across the country. (d) Hamilton's financial plan had the federal government assume state war debts, created the Bank of the United States, and raised money through tariffs and an excise tax on whiskey. This gave the U.S. good credit with lenders and tied wealthy creditors to the success of the new government.

Sample answer: (a) First, Washington warned against permanent alliances with foreign nations, saying the U.S. should trade with other countries but have as little political connection with them as possible, so it would not be dragged into Europe's wars. Second, he warned against the spirit of party and sectional divisions, which he believed would turn Americans against each other and weaken the Union. (b) The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798) were written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson in response to the Federalists' Alien and Sedition Acts. They argued that the Constitution was a compact among the states, so a state could declare a federal law unconstitutional and void within its borders. (c) The resolutions show a political party, the Democratic-Republicans, using state governments to resist the national government. That is exactly the kind of faction and division Washington warned about, and the idea of nullification would later be used by South Carolina in 1832 and by secessionists.