Unit 3 Deep Dive, 3.4–3.9

1. A. God actively intervenes in daily human affairs and answers prayers, just as traditional Christian doctrine teaches.
2. B. God created the universe and its natural laws but does not intervene directly in human affairs, leaving people free to act on their own. ✓
3. C. There is no God or creator; the universe operates through impersonal natural laws alone.
4. D. God's will can only be known through direct, continuous revelation to specially chosen religious leaders.

Correct answer: B. Deism held that God set natural laws in motion at creation but does not intervene afterward, leaving humans free to reason and choose.

1. A. It argues kings should be selected by a council of nobles rather than through inheritance, keeping power flowing from above.
2. B. It relocates the source of legitimate political power from God's choice of a monarch to an agreement among the governed themselves, making power flow from below. ✓
3. C. It argues that all government, monarchy included, should be abolished entirely and replaced with no formal authority.
4. D. It claims monarchs remain legitimate as long as they rule according to biblical law rather than their own personal whims.

Correct answer: B. Social contract theory reframes government as an agreement among the people rather than a gift from God to a chosen monarch, directly undermining divine-right monarchy's logic.

1. A. The government raises taxes to a level some citizens consider excessive, but the money is spent responsibly to protect their rights.
2. B. The government, though flawed, continues to operate with the ongoing consent of a majority of the governed, who elect its officials regularly.
3. C. The government systematically violates its subjects' rights to life, liberty, or property, breaking the trust on which its consent was originally based. ✓
4. D. The government adopts new trade regulations that a minority of merchants personally dislike.

Correct answer: C. Locke's framework holds that government is legitimate only so long as it protects natural rights; systematic violation of those rights breaks the contract and justifies dissolution.

1. A. Locke provided the philosophical justification for rebelling against an unjust government, while Montesquieu provided the structural blueprint (separation of powers) for the government built afterward. ✓
2. B. Montesquieu argued government requires the consent of the governed, while Locke argued that liberty requires dividing power among separate branches.
3. C. Both Locke and Montesquieu argued exclusively for direct democracy with no elected representatives.
4. D. Locke and Montesquieu were writing about entirely unrelated European political systems, so neither had any real influence on the American founding.

Correct answer: A. Locke supplies the natural-rights/consent/right-of-revolution justification for the Revolution, while Montesquieu supplies the separation-of-powers structure used in designing the new government.

1. A. Paine was the first writer to argue colonists deserved the same rights as other British subjects under the unwritten constitution.
2. B. Paine directly attacked King George III and the institution of monarchy itself, rather than confining blame to Parliament and the king's ministers, and wrote in accessible language for ordinary readers rather than elites. ✓
3. C. Paine was the only revolutionary writer who argued for reconciliation with Britain rather than independence.
4. D. Paine wrote exclusively in Latin for an educated elite audience of lawyers and clergy.

Correct answer: B. Earlier writers blamed Parliament and ministers; Paine uniquely attacked the king and monarchy itself, and wrote plainly for common readers, which is why it spread so effectively.