Apush unit 1-3 hard

1. A. The Protestant Reformation had split the Italian states from Rome, so the papacy would only bless Atlantic voyages sponsored by loyal Catholic Iberian monarchs.
2. B. Italian city-states lacked the navigational knowledge needed for ocean travel, so the Iberian kingdoms had to develop that knowledge without any Italian help.
3. C. Italian merchants profited from existing Mediterranean routes to Asian goods, while Atlantic-facing Iberian states had a motive to find a new route around them. ✓
4. D. Iberian kings needed new lands to settle their growing peasant populations, while the Italian city-states had stable populations and no shortage of farmland.

Correct answer: C. Venice and Genoa already had access to Asian goods through Mediterranean middlemen. Portugal and Spain, cut out of that trade, had the strongest incentive to bypass it by sea. This is the 'economic and military competition' motive in KC-1.2.I.A: states left out of an existing trade system had the most reason to fund risky alternatives.

1. A. Muslim scholars expelled from Granada brought navigational instruments to Spain's rivals, forcing Spain to conquer the Americas before Portugal could get there.
2. B. Centuries of war against Muslim kingdoms produced a militarized nobility and a habit of joining conquest with religious mission that carried over to the Americas. ✓
3. C. The defeat of Granada gave Spain control of the Mediterranean spice trade, which supplied the money that paid for the conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires.
4. D. The Reconquista ended Spain's religious zeal, so its conquerors in the Americas were driven purely by gold and showed no interest in converting native peoples.

Correct answer: B. The Reconquista left Castile with soldiers seeking land and status, plus a crusading belief that conquest and conversion went together. The conquistadors carried both across the Atlantic. Historians often see continuity here: the same fusion of crown, Church and armed conquest that defeated Granada organized the encomienda and mission systems in the Americas.

1. A. The Ottomans closed the Mediterranean entirely to Christian ships, so Europeans had no choice but to sail into the Atlantic to reach any foreign market.
2. B. Greek scholars fleeing the city brought maps of the Americas to Spain, which gave Columbus the knowledge he needed to plan a direct voyage to the New World.
3. C. The fall of the city ended the Crusades and freed European soldiers, who then sought new lands to conquer in Africa and the Americas instead of the Holy Land.
4. D. Ottoman control of eastern trade routes raised the cost of Asian goods and pushed western Europeans to look for sea routes that avoided Ottoman middlemen. ✓

Correct answer: D. After 1453 the Ottomans sat astride the overland and eastern Mediterranean routes to Asia. They taxed the trade, and Venice had a near-monopoly on reselling the goods in Europe. Atlantic kingdoms like Portugal and Spain, shut out of that system, had a strong economic motive to find a direct all-sea route. This links 1.1 context to the 1.3 motive of 'new sources of wealth.'

1. A. Monarchs in Spain, Portugal, France and England centralized power, collecting taxes and building armies that could fund and protect voyages. ✓
2. B. Large surpluses from American silver let European monarchs afford many ships, so the first voyages were funded with wealth from earlier American mines.
3. C. The Catholic Church took over the finances of most European kingdoms and paid directly for voyages as part of a plan to convert people in Asia.
4. D. The feudal system grew stronger, letting local lords pool their peasants' labor and send private fleets overseas without needing any royal support.

Correct answer: A. The rise of stronger, centralized monarchies, often called 'new monarchies,' gave rulers the tax revenue and administration to pay for expeditions. Ferdinand and Isabella's union of Castile and Aragon is the classic example. Feudal Europe, split among many lords, could not easily organize ventures this costly and risky.

1. A. They proved that Europeans could not grow cash crops outside Europe, which convinced Spain to focus only on gold and silver mining in the Americas.
2. B. They served as a testing ground for a model of cash-crop plantations using enslaved African labor that was later carried to the Americas. ✓
3. C. They were the first places where Europeans met Native Americans, which shaped how the Spanish treated native peoples later on the American mainland.
4. D. They showed that free European workers could farm in tropical climates, so early colonies in the Americas relied mostly on paid European labor.

Correct answer: B. The Atlantic islands developed the plantation complex of sugar, coerced labor and links to African slave markets in the 1400s. Spanish and Portuguese colonists then brought that model to the Caribbean and Brazil. This is an example of continuity with earlier developments, which the CED asks you to use in contextualization.