Apush 3.10 4.2 harder

1. A. The address was printed in a Philadelphia newspaper rather than delivered to Congress, so Federalist editors controlled how most readers first encountered its message.
2. B. The Constitution made no provision for parties, so the framers' design had treated organized opposition to any administration as illegitimate from the start.
3. C. Washington had joined the Federalist Party before the election and used the address to urge electors to choose John Adams over Thomas Jefferson in the coming vote.
4. D. The measures Washington had backed, including Hamilton's program and Jay's Treaty, were the ones their party opposed, so condemning opposition favored Federalists. ✓

Correct answer: D. This is a sourcing judgment based on historical situation: by 1796 the 'faction' Washington feared was largely the opposition to his own administration's policies, so Republicans heard a defense of those policies.

1. A. Renouncing the 1778 alliance with France at once, because a permanent commitment to one belligerent endangered American neutrality in the European war.
2. B. Avoiding lasting political commitments while keeping a defensive military posture and accepting short-term alliances if an emergency requires them. ✓
3. C. Depending on neutrality alone for security, so that the nation could avoid paying for a permanent army and navy during the coming decades.
4. D. Complete diplomatic and commercial isolation from Europe, with the government refusing both treaties and trade agreements with any European power.

Correct answer: B. The passage separates permanent alliances, which Washington rejects, from temporary ones, which he allows, and pairs both with military readiness. It is selective engagement, not withdrawal.

1. A. Paying off all federal and state debts immediately through a one-time property tax, which would leave bondholders with no continuing claim on the government. ✓
2. B. Having the federal government assume state war debts, so that state creditors looked to the national government rather than to their own state capitals for payment.
3. C. Paying federal bonds at full face value, even to speculators who had bought them cheaply from original holders during the hard years of the 1780s.
4. D. Chartering a national bank whose private investors could buy shares partly with government bonds, which linked bondholders to the bank's success.

Correct answer: A. Hamilton thought a managed, funded debt was useful because it tied creditors to the national government. Immediate payoff would have erased that tie, so this proposal contradicts the interpretation.

1. A. whether the president or Congress should control financial policy when the two branches disagree about a proposed national institution.
2. B. whether a national bank would benefit northern merchants at the expense of southern farmers, which both men saw as the central issue.
3. C. whether the Constitution's listed powers also imply the means needed to carry them out, or allow only means that are indispensable. ✓
4. D. whether the national government should exist at all, since Jefferson wanted to return to the system of the Articles of Confederation.

Correct answer: C. Both men are arguing about how to read the grant of enumerated powers. Hamilton accepts any appropriate means to a legitimate end, while Jefferson treats every extra step as a danger.

1. A. Every treaty must be approved by both houses of Congress, since only Congress can appropriate the money needed to carry it out.
2. B. Cabinet officers answer directly to Congress, which may order them to testify about decisions made by the president and his advisers.
3. C. Treaty-making belongs to the executive and the Senate, and a president may decline congressional requests for diplomatic papers. ✓
4. D. Federal courts may examine executive negotiating records when the legality of a treaty is disputed by a branch of government.

Correct answer: C. This is the early root of executive privilege. Washington argued that the House had no role in making treaties, so it could not demand the records of negotiation.